Outcomes Following Recent and Distant Neoadjuvant Radiation in Rectal Cancer: An Institutional Retrospective Review and Analysis of NSQIP.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is the standard of care in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). However, radiation therapy is thought to increase operative difficulty due to induction of fibrosis. Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) protocols increase the time between completion of radiation and surgical resection which may lead to increased operative difficulty and complications. METHODS: A single institution retrospective review of patients ≥18 years with LARC undergoing nCRT from 2015 to 2022. Patients were dichotomized in 2 cohorts: <90 days from radiation to surgery (recent radiation), and ≥90 days from radiation to surgery (distant radiation). Institutional data was compared to National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) rectal cancer data from 2016 to 2020. Outcomes included intraoperative complications, 30-day morbidity, and oncologic outcomes. RESULTS: One hundred forty-six institutional patients included, 120 had recent radiation, 26 had distant radiation. Thirty-day morbidity and intraoperative complications did not differ. There was greater radial margin positivity (7% vs. 24%), fewer lymph nodes harvested (17 ± 5 vs. 15 ± 6), and a lower rate of complete mesorectal dissection (88% vs. 65%,) in distant radiation patients 3059 patients were included in NSQIP analysis, 2029 completed radiation <90 days before surgery and 1030 without radiation 90 days before surgery. Patients without radiation 90 days preoperatively had more radial margin positivity (9.2% vs. 4.6%), organ space infection (8.6% vs. 6.4%), and pneumonia (2.2% vs. 0.9%). CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that increased time between radiation and surgery results in more challenging dissection with less complete mesorectal dissection and increased radial margin positivity without increasing technical complications.

Pulmonary Apical Cap as a Potential Risk Factor for Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis.

Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) is a progressive and frequently fatal interstitial lung disease that involves the upper lobes. Although its cause remains unknown, the histopathologic evidence underlying PPFE bears striking resemblance to that of the pulmonary apical cap (PAC), a relatively common and benign entity. We describe the case of a patient with PAC that evolved into distinctly asymmetric PPFE over 6 years after unilateral surgical lung injury. Given the histologic similarity between these two conditions, we propose that these two entities underlie common biologic pathways of abnormal response to lung injury, with the presence of a PAC increasing susceptibility to the development of PPFE in the face of ongoing inflammatory insults. This case describes the histopathologic evolution of PAC to PPFE before and after an inciting injury.

Cochlear implantation in children with Mondini dysplasia: our experience.

OBJECTIVE: This study details the intra-operative complications, and compares auditory scales post-implantation of either profoundly deaf young children with radiologically normal inner ears (group A) or children with Mondini dysplasia (group B). METHODS: A retrospective survey was carried out of 338 patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss who underwent cochlear implant surgery from February 2015 to May 2017. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 27 patients each. Both groups were followed up to three years post-implantation. RESULTS: Cerebrospinal fluid ooze developed in 12 patients, and 2 patients had a cerebrospinal fluid 'gusher', one of which had to be explored within 24 hours. After implant use for one year, both groups had similar speech perception scores. CONCLUSION: The cerebrospinal fluid gusher in Mondini dysplasia should be anticipated and adequately managed intra-operatively. This study highlights the tailoring of a post-implantation rehabilitation programme according to individual needs.

Tumour spillage of the pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland: A proposal for intraoperative measures.

Intraoperative rupture of a pleomorphic adenoma capsule with potential tumor spillage into the surgical field is thought to occur in approximately 5% of cases and has traditionally been recognized as one of the major causes of recurrence. It seems that recurrence of a pleomorphic adenoma is a multifactorial event, being related to surgery (capsular exposure, tumor spillage) and tumor-related factors (histologic subtype, incomplete capsule, pseudopodia, satellites). The exact quantities of these ingredients in the recipe of recurrence, as well as possible interactions between them (e.g. the potentially increased fragility of myxoid pleomorphic adenomas; satellites or pseudopodia being cut off the tumor specimen during an extremely narrow extracapsular dissection) remain unclear. A thorough literature search did not reveal any proposed algorithms for the intraoperative management of a capsular tear. The aim of this short communication is to present our department's experience-based proposal for intraoperative measures in the case of macroscopic rupture and tumor spillage of a parotid gland pleomorphic adenoma.

Acute Surgical Management of Vascular Injuries in Hip and Knee Arthroplasties.

With an increasing number of total hip and knee arthroplasties being done at surgical centers and vascular surgeons often not immediately available in this setting, it is critical for orthopaedic surgeons to be comfortable with the acute surgical management of vascular injuries. Although they are fortunately uncommon in primary total hip and knee arthroplasties, damage to a major artery or vein can have potentially devastating consequences. Surgeons operating both in a hospital and an ambulatory surgical setting should be familiar with techniques to gain proximal control of massive bleeding because the principles can be helpful in primary and revision arthroplasties. In this study, we review the vascular anatomy around the hip and knee and the surgical management of these potentially catastrophic complications.

VNS implantation in a NF1 patient: massive nerve hypertrophy discovered intra-operatively preventing successful electrode placement. Case report.

For the vast majority of surgeons, no specific investigation is necessary before vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) implantation. We report our intraoperative unexpected finding of a massively enlarged vagus nerve in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The nerve hypertrophy prevented wrapping the coils of the helical electrode. The patient had no signs of vagus nerve dysfunction preoperatively (no hoarseness or dysphonia). This exceptional mishap is undoubtedly related to NF1-associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Even though it is not advisable to routinely perform any imaging prior to VNS, in such specific context, preoperative imaging work-up, especially cervical ultrasound, might be judicious to rule out any asymptomatic enlarged left vagus nerve.

Impact of rectal perforation on recurrence during rectal cancer surgery in a national population registry.

BACKGROUND: Incidental perforation in rectal cancer surgery is considered a risk factor for poorer oncological outcome. Most studies emanate from the era before total mesorectal excision when staging, neoadjuvant treatment and surgical technique were suboptimal. This study assessed the impact of incidental perforation on oncological outcome in a cohort of patients with optimized management. METHODS: Data from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry for patients undergoing R0 abdominal surgery for TNM stage I-III rectal cancer between 2007 and 2012, with 5-year follow-up, were analysed. Multivariable analysis was performed. RESULTS: In total, 6176 patients were analysed (208 with and 5968 without perforation). The local recurrence rate was increased after perforation (7·2 per cent (15 of 208) versus 3·2 per cent (188 of 5968); P = 0·001), but there were no differences in rates of distant metastasis (16·3 per cent (34 of 208) versus 19·8 per cent (1183 of 5968); P = 0·215) and overall recurrence (20·7 per cent (43 of 208) versus 21·0 per cent (1256 of 5968); P = 0·897). The 5-year overall survival rate was lower after perforation (66·4 versus 75·5 per cent; P = 0·002), but the 5-year relative survival rate was no different (79·9 versus 88·2 per cent; P = 0·083). In multivariable analysis, perforation was a risk factor for local recurrence (hazard ratio 2·10, 95 per cent c.i. 1·19 to 3·72; P = 0·011), but not for the other outcomes. CONCLUSION: Incidental perforation remains a significant risk factor for LR, even with optimized management of rectal cancer. This must be considered when discussing adjuvant treatment and follow-up.

ANTECEDENTES: La perforación incidental durante la cirugía de cáncer de recto se considera un factor de riesgo de un peor resultado oncológico. La mayoría de los estudios proceden de la era previa a la exéresis total del mesorrecto cuando la estadificación, el tratamiento neoadyuvante y la técnica quirúrgica eran subóptimos. En este estudio se evalúa el impacto de la perforación incidental en el resultado oncológico en una cohorte de pacientes con un tratamiento óptimo. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos del Registro Sueco de Cáncer Colorrectal para pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal R0 en estadios TNM I-III entre 2007-2012 con un seguimiento de 5 años. Se realizó un análisis multivariable. RESULTADOS: En total, se analizaron 6.176 pacientes (208 con perforación, 5.968 sin perforación). La tasa de recidiva local (local recurrence, LR) aumentó después de la perforación (7,2% (15/208) versus 3,2% (188/5.968); P = 0,001)), pero no se detectaron diferencias con respecto a las tasas de metástasis a distancia (16,3% (34/208) versus 19,8% (1.183/5.968); P = 0,215)) ni de recidiva global (20,7% (43/208) versus 21,0% (1.256/5.968); P = 0,897)). La tasa de supervivencia global a los 5 años fue menor después de la perforación (66,4% versus 75,5%; P = 0,002), pero la tasa de supervivencia relativa a los 5 años fue similar (79,9% versus 88,2%; P = 0,083). En el análisis multivariable, la perforación fue un factor de riesgo para la LR (cociente de riesgos instantáneos, hazard ratio, HR 2,10 (i.c. del 95% 1,19-3,72); P = 0,011], pero no fue un factor de riesgo para los otros resultados. CONCLUSIÓN: La perforación incidental sigue siendo un factor de riesgo significativo para la LR incluso con el tratamiento optimizado del cáncer de recto, lo que debe tenerse en cuenta al discutir la indicación de tratamiento adyuvante y el tipo de seguimiento.

A Meta-Analysis of Robotic Surgery in Endometrial Cancer: Comparison with Laparoscopy and Laparotomy.

BACKGROUND: The safety and effectiveness of robotic surgery are evaluated by comparing perioperative outcomes with laparoscopy and laparotomy in endometrial cancer. METHOD: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and other databases were searched for eligible studies up to April 2019. Studies that compared robotic surgery with laparoscopy or laparotomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer were included. The pooled odds ratio and weighted mean difference were calculated using a random-effects or a fixed-effects model to summarize the results. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles were ultimately included, with one randomized controlled trial and 26 observational studies. A total of 6568 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that robotic surgery had less estimated blood loss (P < 0.001), blood transfusion (P = 0.04), intraoperative complications (P = 0.001), and conversion to open surgery (P = 0.001), and a shorter hospital stay (P = 0.001), but had a longer operation time (P = 0.04) in surgical staging of endometrial cancer compared with laparoscopy. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications, the total number of lymph nodes harvested, the number of pelvic lymph nodes harvested, and the number of para-aortic lymph nodes harvested between techniques. Robotic surgery had a longer operation time (P = 0.008), less estimated blood loss (P < 0.001), blood transfusion (P < 0.001), and postoperative complications (P < 0.001), and a shorter hospital stay (P < 0.001) compared with laparotomy. There were no significant differences in other variables between techniques. CONCLUSION: Robotic surgery is a safer surgical approach than laparoscopy and laparotomy in surgical staging of endometrial cancer, with less estimated blood loss, blood transfusion, and conversion, and the same number of lymph nodes harvested.

[Intraoperative Aspiration].

Intraoperative aspiration is a common pulmonary complication in the surgery, anesthesia and position were main factors leading to the operative aspiration. In recent years, perioperative lung protection has attracted wide attention of thoracic surgeons and anesthetist; how to accelerate the process of postoperative rehabilitation, reduce the incidence of related complications and significantly improve the prognosis of patients, these have become a chief goal of surgical treatment. This article will center on operative aspiration and summarize it from anatomy, pathophysiology, manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

Standalone oblique lateral interbody fusion vs. combined with percutaneous pedicle screw in spondylolisthesis.

BACKGROUND: To compare standalone oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) vs. OLIF combined with posterior bilateral percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (OLIF combined) for the treatment of lumbar spondylolisthesis. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent standalone OLIF or combined OLIF between 07/2014 and 08/2017 at two hospitals in China. Direct decompressions were not performed. Visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), satisfaction rate, anterior/posterior disc heights (DH), foraminal height (FH), foraminal width (FW), cage subsidence, cage retropulsion, fusion rate, and complications were analyzed. All imaging examinations were read independently by two physicians and the mean measurements were used for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 73 patients were included: 32 with standalone OLIF and 41 with combined OLIF. The total complication rate was 25.0% with standalone OLIF and 26.8% with combined OLIF. There were no differences in VAS and ODI scores by 2 years of follow-up, but the scores were better with standalone OLIF at 1 week and 3 months (P < 0.05). PDH and FW was smaller in the combined OLIF group compared with the standalone OLIF group before and after surgery (all P < 0.05). There were significant differences in FH before surgery and at 1 week and 3 months between the two groups (all P < 0.05), but the difference disappeared by 2 years (P = 0.111). Cage subsidence occurred in 7.3% (3/41) and 7.3% (3/41) of the patients at 3 and 24 months, respectively, in the combined OLIF group, compared with 6.3% (2/32) and 15.6% (5/32), respectively, in the standalone OLIF group at the same time points (P = 0.287). There was no cage retropulsion in both groups at 2 years. The fusion rate was 85.4%(35/41) in the combined OLIF group and 84.4% (27/32) in the standalone OLIF group at 3 months(P = 0.669). At 24 months, the fusion rate was 100.0% in the combined OLIF group and 93.8% (30/32) in the standalone OLIF group (P = 0.066). CONCLUSION: Standalone OLIF may achieve equivalent clinical and radiological outcomes than OLIF combined with fixation for spondylolisthesis. The rate of complications was similar between the two groups. Patients who are osteoporotic might be better undergoing combined rather than standalone OLIF. The possibilty of proof lies within a future prospective study, preferably an RCT.

Epithelial implantation treatment after small-incision lenticule extraction.

Two cases of epithelial implantation after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) treated by Nd:YAG laser and interface sweeping are described. A 40-year-old woman and 33-year-old man underwent SMILE and subsequently were noted to have epithelial cells implanted into the surgical interface. One case was treated using Nd:YAG laser. The laser was focused to the level of the interface with an energy level of 0.3 mJ. The treatment covered the entire area of epithelial implantation. The second case was treated by opening the original SMILE incision and sweeping the residual epithelial cells from the interface followed by a washout. Both the Nd:YAG laser and interface sweeping proved to be effective in reducing or eliminating the epithelial cells from the SMILE interface. Further studies are needed to report on overall safety and efficacy of these 2 techniques.

Risk factors for dropped nucleus in cataract surgery as reflected by the European Registry of Quality Outcomes for Cataract and Refractive Surgery.

PURPOSE: To analyze the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of cataract surgery complicated by a dropped nucleus. SETTING: Patients who have received cataract surgery in 18 European countries. DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional register-based study. METHODS: Data from the European Registry of Quality Outcomes for Cataract and Refractive Surgery (EUREQUO) were analyzed. The EUREQUO contains preoperative baseline, intraoperative, and follow-up data. Intraoperative data include dropped nucleus as a complication. Baseline data such as demographic data, ocular comorbidities, surgical difficulties, and visual and refractive outcomes were tested for association with a dropped nucleus for the study period from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2018. RESULTS: The number of reported patients with complete data was 1 715 348. Dropped nucleus was reported in 1221 eyes (0.071%) during the study period. White cataract, previous vitrectomy, poor preoperative visual acuity, small pupil, pseudoexfoliation, diabetic retinopathy, and male sex were significantly related to dropped nucleus. Year of surgery showed a significant trend of decreasing occurrence of dropped nucleus over time. Eyes with the complication of a dropped nucleus also had a poorer visual and refractive outcome compared with eyes with existing risk factors but no such complication. CONCLUSIONS: Many risk factors for dropped nucleus complications were identified. A significant trend of decreasing occurrence of dropped nucleus was found for the study period. The visual and refractive outcome was poorer for eyes with a dropped nucleus.

A Rare Case of Fatal Pulmonary Embolism in a Pediatric Spine Surgery.

BACKGROUND: An 11-year-old girl had undergone posterior spinal fusion surgery for scoliosis. The surgery was complicated by intraoperative bleeding, and hemostasis was achieved by topically applying gelatin sponges. CASE DESCRIPTION: She developed acute pulmonary embolism and cardiac arrest during the surgery, which was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: Autopsy shortly after revealed that her death was associated with unintended intravascular entry of gelatin sponge fragments, resulting in an embolic event and secondary cardiopulmonary collapse.

Critical Depressed Brain Volume Influences the Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma after Surgical Evacuation.

Recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) frequently occurs after surgical evacuation. However, the value of follow-up postoperative imaging and measuring volumetric factors to predict recurrence are still controversial. Herein, we aimed to assess the optimal timing for follow-up referential imaging and the critical depressed brain volume for CSDH recurrence. A total of 291 patients with CSDH who underwent burr hole craniotomy between January 2012 and December 2018 were consecutively enrolled in this study. Patients' medical records and radiologic data were evaluated to predict the recurrence and analyzed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) and binary logistic regression. Of the 291 patients, 29 (10.0%) showed recurrence after surgical evacuation. Based on ROC analysis, comparisons of depressed brain volume pre-operation, 24 h post-operation, and 7 days post-operation showed that the depressed brain volume at 7 days after surgery featured the largest area under the curve (AUC: 0.768, 95% CI, 0.709-0.811). The cut-off value of the depressed brain volume on postoperative day 7 was 51.6 cm3; this value predicted the recurrence of CSDH with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.3% and 67.9%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the depressed brain volume (>50 cm3) at 7 days was the sole significant risk factor related to the recurrence of CSDH in this series (OR: 6.765, 95% CI, 2.551-17.942, p < 0.001). The depressed brain volume > 50 cm3 visualized on CT scans at postoperative 7 day is the critical volume affecting recurrence of CSDHs. This result could be helpful carrying in patients with CSDH to determine the proper postoperative treatment strategy.

Quantitative analysis of paraspinal muscle atrophy after oblique lateral interbody fusion alone vs. combined with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in patients with spondylolisthesis.

BACKGROUND: There is no available literature for comparison on muscle atrophy between the "stand-alone" oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) and regular OLIF (i.e., combined with percutaneous pedicle screws fixation (PPSF) in patients with spondylolisthesis). This study aimed to identify changes in back muscle atrophy between the two surgeries. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent OLIF or OLIF+PPSF at Beijing Jishuitan Hospital and Shanghai ChangZheng Hospital between 07/2014 and 10/2017. Computed tomography (CT) was used to measure functional cross-sectional area (FCSA) and fat infiltration percentage (FIP) of the multifidus and erector spinae before and 24 months after surgery. RESULT: There were no differences in FCSA and FIP between OLIF (n = 32) and OLIF+PPSF (n = 41) groups before surgery. In the OLIF group, the multifidus and erector spinae FCSA and FIP did not change at 24 months (FCSA: multifidus: from 8.59 ± 1.76 to 9.39 ± 1.74 cm2, P = 0.072; erector spinae: from 13.32 ± 1.59 to 13.55 ± 1.31 cm2, P = 0.533) (FIP: multifidus: from 15.91 ± 5.30% to 14.38 ± 3.21%, P = 0.721; erector spinae: from 11.63 ± 3.05% to 11.22 ± 3.12%, P = 0.578). In the OLIF+PPSF group, the multifidus and erector spinae FCSA decreased (multifidus: from 7.72 ± 2.69 to 5.67 ± 1.71 cm2, P < 0.001; erector spinae: from 12.60 ± 2.04 to 10.15 ± 1.82 cm2, P < 0.001), while the FIP increased (multifidus: from 16.13 ± 7.01% to 49.38 ± 20.54%, P < 0.001; erector spinae: from 11.93 ± 3.22% to 22.60 ± 4.99%, P < 0.001). The differences of FCSA and FIP between the two groups at 24 months were significant (all P < 0.001). The patients in the standalone OLIF group had better VAS back pain, and JOA scores than the patients in the OLIF combined group (all P < 0.05) at 1 week and 3 months after surgery. There were two cases (4.9%) of adjacent segment degeneration in the OLIF combined group, while there was no case in the OLIF alone group. CONCLUSIONS: Standalone OLIF had better clinical outcomes at 1 week and 3 months than OLIF+PPSF in patients with spondylolisthesis. OLIF may not result in paraspinal muscle atrophy at 24 months after surgery.

Intraoperative Capsule Rupture, Postoperative Chemotherapy, and Survival of Women With Stage I Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence and prognostic effects of intraoperative capsule rupture and to assess the effectiveness of postoperative chemotherapy for intraoperative tumor rupture in apparent stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. METHODS: This is a society-based retrospective observational study in Japan that examined 15,163 women with stage IA-IC1 epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent primary surgical treatment between 2002 and 2015. Associations between intraoperative capsule rupture and cause-specific survival, and between postoperative chemotherapy and cause-specific survival among intraoperatively ruptured cases were examined by histology type (clear cell n=6,107, endometrioid n=3,910, mucinous n=3,382, and serous n=1,764). RESULTS: Clear cell histology had the highest risk of intraoperative capsule rupture (57.3%), followed by endometrioid (48.8%), serous (41.8%), and mucinous (32.0%) histologies (P<.001). On multivariable analysis, clear cell type exhibited the largest effect of intraoperative capsule rupture on cause-specific survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.99, 95% CI 1.45-2.75), followed by serous (adjusted HR, 1.61, 95% CI 0.84-3.11), mucinous (adjusted HR 1.28, 95% CI 0.79-2.09), and endometrioid (adjusted HR, 1.14, 95% CI 0.64-2.01) tumors. Postoperative chemotherapy for intraoperatively ruptured cases did not improve cause-specific survival in any histologic types in multivariable analysis: clear cell, adjusted HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.56-1.31; serous, adjusted HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.42-2.74; mucinous, adjusted HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.55-2.27; and endometrioid, adjusted HR 2.81, 95% CI 0.85-9.30 (all, P>.05). In the cohort-level analysis of ruptured cases (n=7,227), postoperative chemotherapy use has significantly decreased in mucinous (16.3% relative decrease), endometrioid (13.1% relative decrease), and clear cell (9.3% relative decrease) (all, P<.05); but, the cohort-level 5-year cause-specific survival rate did not change over time (all, P>.05). CONCLUSION: Among apparent stage I epithelial ovarian cancer, the clear cell type possesses a disproportionally high risk of capsule rupture during adnexectomy and is associated with the most adverse effect on survival. A decrease in the use of postoperative chemotherapy for intraoperatively ruptured cases in Japan is likely the result of increasing awareness of the absence of survival benefits.

Unexpected Gallbladder Cancer during or after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Risk Factors and Experience of Diagnosis and Treatment of 22 Cases.

This study aims to provide some experience in diagnosis and treatment of unexpected gallbladder cancer (UGBC) and find the major risk factors. Retrospective data were collected and analyzed on 22 patients who were diagnosed with UGBC during or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 2013 to January 2018 at our hospital. Average age of the patients was (60.2 ± 12.8) years (range, 42-83 years). Among them, there were 6 men and 16 women. Gallbladder stones, atrophic gallbladder, uneven thickened wall of the gallbladder, and choledocholithiasis were found to be the major risk factors. Eight patients (36.4%) were diagnosed intraoperatively. Seven cases (31.8%) were at the T1 stage; of these, three were treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy; two were converted to cholecystectomy; and two underwent cholecystectomy, lymph node dissection, and liver resection. Eight (36.4%) T2 patients, five (22.7%) T3 patients, and one T4 patient had radical cholecystectomy. Partial cholecystectomy and cholecystotomy were carried out in another T4 patient. T1 patients did not receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Eleven had chemotherapy and four received chemoradiotherapy. The follow-up period ranged from six months to five years. The one-year survival rate for T1 to T4 patients was 100 per cent, 75 per cent, 40 per cent, and 0 per cent, respectively. A high index of clinical suspicion of UGBC is needed if one patient suffered from both gallbladder stones and choledocholithiasis with atrophic gallbladder or uneven thickened wall of the gallbladder preoperatively. To avoid more UGBC and reoperation, imaging examinations combined with tumor marker tests and intraoperative histopathologic examination are highly recommended.